ASTM E2278-13
Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage

Standard No.

ASTM E2278-13

Release Date

2013

Published By

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Status

Be replaced

Replace By

ASTM E2278-13(2019)

Latest

ASTM E2278-13(2019)

Scope

4.1 General—CCPs can effectively be used to reclaim surface mines (5-10). First, CCPs are ideally suited for use in numerous reclamation applications. Any type of CCP may be evaluated for use in mine reclamation. Project specific testing is necessary to ensure that the CCPs selected for use on a given project will meet the project objectives. Second, the use of CCPs can save money because they are available in bulk quantities and reduce expenditures for the manufacture and purchase of Portland cement or quicklime. Third, large-scale use of CCPs for mine reclamation conserves valuable landfill space by recycling a valuable product to abate acid mine drainage and reduce the potential for mine subsidence, provided that the CCP is environmentally and technically suitable for the desired use. The availability of CCPs makes it possible to reclaim abandoned mineland that could not otherwise be reclaimed. The potential for leaching constituents contained in CCPs should be evaluated to ensure that there is no adverse environmental impact.

4.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Behavior of CCPs—Fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD material and FBC ash, or combinations thereof, can be used for mine reclamation. Each of these materials typically exhibits general physical and chemical properties that must be considered in the design of a mine reclamation project using CCPs. The specific properties of these materials vary from source to source so environmental and engineering performance testing is recommended for the material(s) or combinations to be used in mine reclamation projects.

4.2.1 Physical Properties:

4.2.1.1 Unit Weight—Unit weight is the weight per unit volume of material. Fly ash has a low dry unit weight, typically about 50 to 100 pcf (8 to 16 kN/m³). Bottom ash is also typically lighter than coarse grained soils of similar gradation. Stabilized FGD material from a wet scrubber and FGD material from a dry scrubber are also relatively lightweight, with unit weights similar to fly ash.

4.2.1.2 Strength—Shear strength is the maximum resistance of a material to shearing stresses. The relatively high shear strength of fly ash is beneficial for CCP flowable fill formulations requiring strengths sufficient to prevent mine subsidence. The shear strength of non-self-hardening fly ash is primarily the result of internal friction. Cementitious CCPs experience a cementing action that is measured as cohesion and increases over time, which results in high compressive strength. Unconfined compressive strengths in excess of 1000 psi can be achieved for cementitious CCPs.

4.2.1.3 Specific Gravity—Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of solids at a stated temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at a stated temperature. The particle specific gravity of fly ash is relatively low compared to that of natural materials, and generally ranges from 2.1 to 2.6.

4.2.1.4 Grain-Size Distribution—Grain-size distribution describes the proportion of various particle sizes present in a material. Fly ash is a uniformly-graded product with spherical, very fine grained particles.

4.2.1.5 Moisture Content—Moisture content is the ratio of the mass of water contained in the pore spaces of soil or rock material to the solid mass of particles in tha......

ASTM E2278-13 Referenced Document

• ASTM C188 Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
• ASTM C311 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
• ASTM C400 Standard Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid
• ASTM D1195 Standard Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements
• ASTM D1452 Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings
• ASTM D1557 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft³ (2,700 kN-m/m³))
• ASTM D1586 Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
• ASTM D1883 Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils
• ASTM D2166 Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
• ASTM D2216 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• ASTM D2435 Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils
• ASTM D3080 Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions
• ASTM D3550 Standard Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils
• ASTM D3877 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures
• ASTM D3987 Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
• ASTM D420 Standard Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes
• ASTM D422 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
• ASTM D4253 Standard test method for maximum index density and unit weight of soil using a shaking table*， 2024-04-20 Update
• ASTM D4254 Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density*， 2024-04-20 Update
• ASTM D4448 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
• ASTM D4767 Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
• ASTM D4972 Standard Test Method for pH of Soils
• ASTM D5084 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
• ASTM D5092 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
• ASTM D5239 Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization
• ASTM D5759 Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
• ASTM D5851 Standard Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Monitoring Program
• ASTM D653 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• ASTM D698 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft³ (600 kN-m/m³))
• ASTM D75 Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
• ASTM D854 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by the Water Displacement Method
• ASTM E1527 Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Process
• ASTM E1609 Standard Guide for Development and Implementation of a Pollution Prevention Program
• ASTM E2201 Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products

ASTM E2278-13 history

• 2019 ASTM E2278-13(2019) Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
• 2013 ASTM E2278-13 Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
• 2004 ASTM E2278-04 Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage