A forming limit curve (FLC) defines the maximum (limiting) strain that a given sample of a metallic sheet can undergo for a range of forming conditions, such as deep drawing, stretching and bending over a radius in a press and die drawing operation, without developing a localized zone of thinning (localized necking) that would indicate incipient failure.
FLCs can be obtained empirically by using a laboratory hemispherical punch biaxial stretch test and also a tension test to strain metal sheet specimens from a material sample beyond their elastic limit, just prior to localized necking and fracture.
Since this cannot be predetermined, one or both surfaces of specimens are covered with a grid pattern of gage lengths usually as squares or small diameter circles, by a suitable method such as scribing, photo-grid, or electro-etching, and then each specimen is formed to the point of localized necking, or fracture.
Strains in the major (e1) and minor (e2) directions are measured using points on the grid pattern in the area of the localized necking or fracture.
Blanks of varied widths are used to produce a wide range of strain states in the minor (e2) direction.
The major (e1) strain is determined by the capacity of the material to be stretched in one direction as simultaneous surface forces either stretch, do not change, or compress, the metal in the (e2) direction.
In the tension test deformation process, the (e2) strains are negative and the metal is narrowed both through the thickness and across its width.
These strains are plotted on a forming limit diagram (FLD) and the forming limit curve (FLC) is drawn to connect the highest measured (e1 and e2) strain combinations that include good data points.
When there is intermixing and no clear distinction between good and necked data points, a best fit curve is established to follow the maximum good data points as the FLC.
The forming limit is established at the maximum (e1) strain attained prior to necking.
The FLC defines the limit of useful deformation in forming metallic sheet products.
FLCs are known to change with material (specifically with the mechanical or formability properties developed during the processing operations used in making the material), and the thickness of the sheet sample.
The strain hardening exponent (n value), defined in Test Method E 646
The plastic strain ratio (r value), defined in Test Method E 517
The thickness of the material will affect the FLC since a thicker specimen has more volume to respond to the forming process.
The properties of the steel sheet product used in determining the FLC of Fig. 2 included the n value and the r value.
FLCs serve as a diagnostic tool for materia.......
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