This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS.
SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides2 ,3 both morphological information and the elemental profiles of individual particles. This contrasts with bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, where the sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing morphological information and individual particle identification. In addition, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a bulk analysis technique that has been used for the elemental analysis of GSR. Unlike the solution-based bulk methods of analysis, XRF is nondestructive; however, XRF still does not provide morphological information and is incapable of individual GSR particle identification.
1.1 This guide covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) by manual and automated methods. The analysis may be performed manually, with the operator manipulating the microscope controls and the EDS system software, or in an automated fashion, where some amount of the analysis is controlled by pre-set software functions.
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. The software manual for each system should be consulted for proper terminology and operation.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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