ASTM D2435/D2435M-11(2020)
Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading

Standard No.

ASTM D2435/D2435M-11(2020)

Release Date

2020

Published By

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Latest

ASTM D2435/D2435M-11(2020)

Scope

1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the magnitude and rate of consolidation of soil when it is restrained laterally and drained axially while subjected to incrementally applied controlled-stress loading. Two alternative procedures are provided as follows: 1.1.1 Test Method A—This test method is performed with constant load increment duration of 24 h, or multiples thereof. Time-deformation readings are required on a minimum of two load increments. This test method provides only the compression curve of the specimen and the results combine both primary consolidation and secondary compression deformations. 1.1.2 Test Method B—Time-deformation readings are required on all load increments. Successive load increments are applied after 100 % primary consolidation is reached, or at constant time increments as described in Test Method A. This test method provides the compression curve with explicit data to account for secondary compression, the coefficient of consolidation for saturated materials, and the rate of secondary compression. NOTE 1—The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of soil when it is subjected to controlled-strain loading is covered by Test Method D4186/D4186M. 1.2 These test methods are most commonly performed on saturated intact samples of fine grained soils naturally sedimented in water, however, the basic test procedure is applicable, as well, to specimens of compacted soils and intact samples of soils formed by other processes such as weathering or chemical alteration. Evaluation techniques specified in these test methods assume the pore space is fully saturated and are generally applicable to soils naturally sedimented in water. Tests performed on other unsaturated materials such as compacted and residual (weathered or chemically altered) soils may require special evaluation techniques. In particular, the rate of consolidation (interpretation of the time curves) is only applicable to fully saturated specimens. 1.3 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting this test to specify the magnitude and sequence of each load increment, including the location of a rebound cycle, if required, and, for Test Method A, the load increments for which time-deformation readings are desired. The required maximum stress level depends on the purpose of the test and must be agreed on with the requesting agency. In the absence of specific instructions, Section 11 provides the default load increment and load duration schedule for a standard test. NOTE 2—Time-deformation readings are required to determine the time for completion of primary consolidation and for evaluating the coefficient of consolidation, cv. Since cv varies with stress level and loading type (loading or unloading), the load increments with timed readings must be selected with specific reference to the individual project. Alternatively, the requesting agency may specify Test Method B wherein the timedeformation readings are taken on all load increments. 1.4 These test methods do not address the use of a back pressure to saturate the specimen. Equipment is available to perform consolidation tests using back pressure saturation. The addition of back pressure saturation does not constitute nonconformance to these test methods. 1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inchpound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.5.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force, unless dynamic calculations (F = Ma) are involved. This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine two separate systems within a single standard. This test method has been written using SI units; however, inch-pound conversions are given in the gravimetric system, where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lb/ft3 should not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Strength and Compressibility of Soils. Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D2435–11. DOI: 10.1520/D2435_D2435M-11R20. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1.6 Observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method. 1.6.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM D2435/D2435M-11(2020) Referenced Document

• ASTM D1587/D1587M Standard Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes*， 2024-04-22 Update
• ASTM D2216 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• ASTM D2487 Standard Test Method for Classification Of Soils For Engineering Purposes
• ASTM D2488 Recommended Practice for Description Of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
• ASTM D3550/D3550M Standard Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils
• ASTM D3740 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• ASTM D4186/D4186M Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading*， 2020-11-01 Update
• ASTM D422 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
• ASTM D4220/D4220M Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples*， 2024-04-22 Update
• ASTM D4318 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
• ASTM D4452 Standard Test Methods for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples
• ASTM D4546 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Settlement Potential of Cohesive Soils
• ASTM D4753 Standard Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• ASTM D6026 Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
• ASTM D6027/D6027M Standard Practice for Calibration/Verification of Linear Displacement Transducers for Geotechnical Purposes (Standard + Redline PDF Bundle)
• ASTM D653 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• ASTM D854 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by the Water Displacement Method*， 2023-11-01 Update

ASTM D2435/D2435M-11(2020) history

• 2020 ASTM D2435/D2435M-11(2020) Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
• 2011 ASTM D2435/D2435M-11 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
• 2004 ASTM D2435-04 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
• 2003 ASTM D2435-03 Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils
• 2002 ASTM D2435-02 Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils
• 1996 ASTM D2435-96 Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils