ASTM E112-13(2021)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size

Standard No.

ASTM E112-13(2021)

Release Date

2021

Published By

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Latest

ASTM E112-13(2021)

Scope

1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of average grain size and include the comparison procedure, the planimetric (or Jeffries) procedure, and the intercept procedures. These test methods may also be applied to nonmetallic materials with structures having appearances similar to those of the metallic structures shown in the comparison charts. These test methods apply chiefly to single phase grain structures but they can be applied to determine the average size of a particular type of grain structure in a multiphase or multiconstituent specimen. 1.2 These test methods are used to determine the average grain size of specimens with a unimodal distribution of grain areas, diameters, or intercept lengths. These distributions are approximately log normal. These test methods do not cover methods to characterize the nature of these distributions. Characterization of grain size in specimens with duplex grain size distributions is described in Test Methods E1181. Measurement of individual, very coarse grains in a fine grained matrix is described in Test Methods E930. 1.3 These test methods deal only with determination of planar grain size, that is, characterization of the twodimensional grain sections revealed by the sectioning plane. Determination of spatial grain size, that is, measurement of the size of the three-dimensional grains in the specimen volume, is beyond the scope of these test methods. 1.4 These test methods describe techniques performed manually using either a standard series of graded chart images for the comparison method or simple templates for the manual counting methods. Utilization of semi-automatic digitizing tablets or automatic image analyzers to measure grain size is described in Test Methods E1382. 1.5 These test methods deal only with the recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability or fitness of purpose of the materials tested. 1.6 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values, when listed, are in parentheses and may be approximate. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 The paragraphs appear in the following order: Section Number Scope 1 Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Significance and Use 4 Generalities of Application 5 Sampling 6 Test Specimens 7 Calibration 8 Preparation of Photomicrographs 9 Comparison Procedure 10 Planimetric (Jeffries) Procedure 11 General Intercept Procedures 12 Heyn Linear Intercept Procedure 13 Circular Intercept Procedures 14 Hilliard Single-Circle Procedure 14.2 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.08 on Grain Size. Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved 2013 as E112 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E0112-13R21. Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM Not for Resale, 12/09/2021 22:59:33 MST No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --``,```,`,,``,,`,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--Abrams Three-Circle Procedure 14.3 Statistical Analysis 15 Specimens with Non-equiaxed Grain Shapes 16 Specimens Containing Two or More Phases or Constituents 17 Report 18 Precision and Bias 19 Keywords 20 Annexes: Basis of ASTM Grain Size Numbers Annex A1 Equations for Conversions Among Various Grain Size Measurements Annex A2 Austenite Grain Size, Ferritic and Austenitic Steels Annex A3 Fracture Grain Size Method Annex A4 Requirements for Wrought Copper and Copper-Base Alloys Annex A5 Application to Special Situations Annex A6 Appendixes: Results of Interlaboratory Grain Size Determinations Appendix X1 Referenced Adjuncts Appendix X2 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM E112-13(2021) Referenced Document

• ASTM E1181 Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
• ASTM E1382 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
• ASTM E3 Standard Practice for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
• ASTM E407 Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
• ASTM E562 Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
• ASTM E691 Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• ASTM E7 Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
• ASTM E883 Standard Guide for Reflected-Light Photomicrography
• ASTM E930 Standard Test Methods for Estimating the Largest Grain Observed in a Metallographic Section (ALA Grain Size)

ASTM E112-13(2021) history

• 2021 ASTM E112-13(2021) Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 2013 ASTM E112-13 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 2012 ASTM E112-12 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 2010 ASTM E112-10 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 1996 ASTM E112-96(2004)e2 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 1996 ASTM E112-96(2004)e1 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 1996 ASTM E112-96(2004) Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 1996 ASTM E112-96e3 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 1996 ASTM E112-96e2 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 1996 ASTM E112-96e1 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
• 1988 ASTM E112-88 Standard Test Methods for Determining Grain Size